04-21-2014, 12:44 PM
0
1. What is a pure substance?
A pure substance is a single substance not mixed with anything else.
2. What is a mixture?
A mixture contains two or more substances not chemically combined together.
3. What is purification?
It is the process of separating mixtures into pure substances.
4. State one characteristic of a pure solid.
Fixed melting point
5. How do impurities affect a solid’s melting point?
Fixed boiling point
7. How do impurities affect a liquid’s boiling point?
substance’s melting / boiling point?
the purity of substance X, given that the melting point of this element is 80°C.
point comparison and chromatography be used for?
To determine the identity of a substance.
12. State seven methods of separating mixtures.
__________.
residue
15. The liquid or solution that passes through the filter paper is called the __________.
filtrate
16. When is crystallisation used?
To separate a dissolved solid from a solution.
17. Give an example of a dissolved solid in a solution.
Copper(II) sulphate powder dissolved in water to form copper(II) sulphate solution.
18. State whether the following salts are soluble or insoluble:
- Sodium salts
- Potassium salts
- Ammonium salts
- Nitrates
- Chlorides
- Sulphates
- Carbonatescrystals; saturated
20. What is a saturated solution?
It is one that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature.
21. When is evaporation used?
To separate a dissolved solid from a solution.
22. Some salts are obtained through crystallisation from a saturated solution while others
are heated and evaporated to dryness. Describe one factor that determines the choice of
method.
Decomposition of the solute when heated to dryness.
boiling; condensing
24. The apparatus used for distillation includes a distillation flask and a condenser. Describe what happens in the distillation flask and condenser during distillation.
volume with the mixture.
This ensures sufficient space above the surface of the mixture. Thus, no mixture is spilled / propelled into the condenser to compromise the purity of the distillate.
26. The __________ is the pure liquid that is obtained after its vapour condenses in the
condenser.
distillate
27. The diagram below shows a condenser used in distillation experiments. Indicate, on the diagram, the flow of water in and out of the condenser. Give two reasons for your answer.Ans:
mixture in the distillation flask during distillation.
When the liquid to be heated is flammable.
30. When is simple distillation used?
To separate a solvent from a solution.
31. Give an example of a solvent in a solution.
Fresh water in sea water.
32. When is fractional distillation used?
To separate a mixture of miscible liquids with different boiling points.
33. Give an example of a mixture of miscible liquids with different boiling points.
A mixture of ethanol and water.
34. What are miscible liquids?
Those that mix completely to form one liquid.
35. How can we conclude that oil and water are immiscible?
They do not mix well, and will form two separate layers when mixed.
36. How can we conclude that ethanol and water are miscible?
They mix together completely to form a single solution.
37. State the difference in the apparatus used between simple and fractional distillation.
In fractional distillation, an additional apparatus – the fractionating column – is attached to the distillation flask and condenser.
38. The fractionating column contains many __________ which provide a large surface
area for the condensation of vapour.
glass beads
39. State the purpose of the glass beads in a fractionating column.
The glass beads provide greater surface area for repeated condensation of vapour and re-boiling of liquids. This ensures a more complete separation of the mixture.
40. State the factor that determines which liquid distills over first during fractional distillation.
The liquids’ boiling point.
41. Which liquid in a mixture will distill over first during fractional distillation?
The liquid with the lowest boiling point.
42. State five substances that are obtained industrially via fractional distillation.
A mixture of two immiscible liquids of different densities.
44. Give an example of a mixture of two immiscible liquids of different densities.
Crude oil and water
45. How can a separating funnel be used to separate a mixture of two immiscible liquids?
The less dense liquid floats on the denser liquid and the two liquids are collected separately by running them into separate containers.
46. What type of mixture is sublimation used to separate?
A mixture of solids where only one of the solids sublimes.
47. Give two examples of mixtures of solids where only one of the solids sublimes.
Some artificial dyes are poisonous and harmful to human beings if consumed.
53. A ___________ shows the results of the separated components in a chromatography experiment.
chromatogram
54. How can we determine if a substance is pure by using chromatography?
A pure substance will leave only one spot on its chromatogram.
55. What type of substances is paper chromatography used to separate?
The coloured components in dyes or inks.
56. What is necessary to separate the components of a coloured mixture via paper chromatography?
A solvent.
57. State one factor that will determine how far a dye travels on a chromatogram.
The solubility of the dye in the solvent – the more soluble the dye is in the solvent, the farther it will travel.
58. Because of their difference in __________ in a solvent, each coloured component will travel to different __________ on a chromatogram.
solubility; locations
59. What are the two methods of paper chromatography?
Advantage: The separation between the spots on the chromatogram will be greater.
Disadvantage: Separation may not be complete as the solvent will travel a longer distance due to the gravitational pull.
61. Describe how coloured spots will be left on different parts of a chromatogram in a paper
chromatography experiment.
The chromatogram is sprayed with a locating agent to show where the substances are on the paper.
63. What is a locating agent?
A locating agent is a substance that reacts with colourless substances on a chromatogram to produce coloured products.
64. Explain how the dyes left on a chromatogram can be identified.
By comparing the dye’s position in the chromatogram with that of a known dye.
65. State the purpose of the Rf value.
Used for the identification of substances on a chromatogram.
66. Write down the formula for determining Rf value.
Rf value = Distance moved by substance / Distance moved by solvent
67. Explain how the Rf value can be used to identify a dye.
A pure substance is a single substance not mixed with anything else.
2. What is a mixture?
A mixture contains two or more substances not chemically combined together.
3. What is purification?
It is the process of separating mixtures into pure substances.
4. State one characteristic of a pure solid.
Fixed melting point
5. How do impurities affect a solid’s melting point?
- Impurities lower the melting point.
- Impurities cause the solid to melt over a range of temperature.
Fixed boiling point
7. How do impurities affect a liquid’s boiling point?
- Impurities raise the boiling point.
- Impurities cause the liquid to boil over a range of temperature.
substance’s melting / boiling point?
- The greater the amount of impurities, the lower the melting point.
- The greater the amount of impurities, the higher the boiling point.
- Melting point comparison
- Boiling point comparison
- Chromatography
the purity of substance X, given that the melting point of this element is 80°C.
- Heat the substance
- The temperature of the substance is recorded at regular time intervals.
- During the heating, the thermometer will show a constant temperature for a few minutes. This is the melting point of the solid.
- If the melting point obtained is 80°C, then the substance is pure.
point comparison and chromatography be used for?
To determine the identity of a substance.
12. State seven methods of separating mixtures.
- Filtration
- Crystallisation
- Evaporation
- Distillation
- Sublimation
- Use of a separating funnel
- Chromatography
- To separate an insoluble solid from a solution.
- To separate two solutes in which one can dissolve in a solvent.
__________.
residue
15. The liquid or solution that passes through the filter paper is called the __________.
filtrate
16. When is crystallisation used?
To separate a dissolved solid from a solution.
17. Give an example of a dissolved solid in a solution.
Copper(II) sulphate powder dissolved in water to form copper(II) sulphate solution.
18. State whether the following salts are soluble or insoluble:
- Sodium salts
- Potassium salts
- Ammonium salts
- Nitrates
- Chlorides
- Sulphates
- Carbonatescrystals; saturated
20. What is a saturated solution?
It is one that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature.
21. When is evaporation used?
To separate a dissolved solid from a solution.
22. Some salts are obtained through crystallisation from a saturated solution while others
are heated and evaporated to dryness. Describe one factor that determines the choice of
method.
Decomposition of the solute when heated to dryness.
- If the solute decomposes when heated to dryness, crystallisation will be used as this method prevents the solute from being excessively heated and becoming decomposed.
- If the solute does not decompose when heated to dryness, evaporation will be used.
boiling; condensing
24. The apparatus used for distillation includes a distillation flask and a condenser. Describe what happens in the distillation flask and condenser during distillation.
- In the distillation flask, the solution boils. The liquid vaporises and changes into a vapour, which rises and enters the condenser.
- In the condenser, the vapour condenses and changes back into a liquid (pure).
volume with the mixture.
This ensures sufficient space above the surface of the mixture. Thus, no mixture is spilled / propelled into the condenser to compromise the purity of the distillate.
26. The __________ is the pure liquid that is obtained after its vapour condenses in the
condenser.
distillate
27. The diagram below shows a condenser used in distillation experiments. Indicate, on the diagram, the flow of water in and out of the condenser. Give two reasons for your answer.Ans:
- The flow of water is such that the coldest part of the condenser is at the end just before the vapour escapes from the condenser. This ensures the most effective cooling of the vapour.
- Having water entering from the bottom and leaving from the top of the condenser ensures that the entire interior of the condenser will be filled with water.
mixture in the distillation flask during distillation.
- To prevent overheating of the liquid being distilled.
- To ensure a smooth boiling process.
When the liquid to be heated is flammable.
30. When is simple distillation used?
To separate a solvent from a solution.
31. Give an example of a solvent in a solution.
Fresh water in sea water.
32. When is fractional distillation used?
To separate a mixture of miscible liquids with different boiling points.
33. Give an example of a mixture of miscible liquids with different boiling points.
A mixture of ethanol and water.
34. What are miscible liquids?
Those that mix completely to form one liquid.
35. How can we conclude that oil and water are immiscible?
They do not mix well, and will form two separate layers when mixed.
36. How can we conclude that ethanol and water are miscible?
They mix together completely to form a single solution.
37. State the difference in the apparatus used between simple and fractional distillation.
In fractional distillation, an additional apparatus – the fractionating column – is attached to the distillation flask and condenser.
38. The fractionating column contains many __________ which provide a large surface
area for the condensation of vapour.
glass beads
39. State the purpose of the glass beads in a fractionating column.
The glass beads provide greater surface area for repeated condensation of vapour and re-boiling of liquids. This ensures a more complete separation of the mixture.
40. State the factor that determines which liquid distills over first during fractional distillation.
The liquids’ boiling point.
41. Which liquid in a mixture will distill over first during fractional distillation?
The liquid with the lowest boiling point.
42. State five substances that are obtained industrially via fractional distillation.
- Nitrogen
- Argon
- Oxygen
- Petroleum fractions from crude oil
- Alcoholic beverages
A mixture of two immiscible liquids of different densities.
44. Give an example of a mixture of two immiscible liquids of different densities.
Crude oil and water
45. How can a separating funnel be used to separate a mixture of two immiscible liquids?
The less dense liquid floats on the denser liquid and the two liquids are collected separately by running them into separate containers.
46. What type of mixture is sublimation used to separate?
A mixture of solids where only one of the solids sublimes.
47. Give two examples of mixtures of solids where only one of the solids sublimes.
- Mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium chloride; only ammonium chloride sublimes.
- Mixture of iodine and sodium chloride; only iodine sublimes.
- The mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium chloride is placed on an evaporating dish.
- The evaporating dish is heated gently.
- Strips of filter paper soaked in water are placed on the filter funnel when it becomes hot in order to cool it.
- Ammonium chloride sublimes after some time and is found on the filter funnel.
- The ammonium chloride is scrapped off from the filter funnel. Sodium chloride remains on the evaporating dish.
- To determine if a substance is pure.
- To separate coloured components in mixtures.
- To identify complicated substances such as dyes and drugs.
- Only tiny amounts of the substance are required.
- Results can be quickly obtained.
- Pigments from plants
- Dyes from ink
- Amino acids from proteins
Some artificial dyes are poisonous and harmful to human beings if consumed.
53. A ___________ shows the results of the separated components in a chromatography experiment.
chromatogram
54. How can we determine if a substance is pure by using chromatography?
A pure substance will leave only one spot on its chromatogram.
55. What type of substances is paper chromatography used to separate?
The coloured components in dyes or inks.
56. What is necessary to separate the components of a coloured mixture via paper chromatography?
A solvent.
57. State one factor that will determine how far a dye travels on a chromatogram.
The solubility of the dye in the solvent – the more soluble the dye is in the solvent, the farther it will travel.
58. Because of their difference in __________ in a solvent, each coloured component will travel to different __________ on a chromatogram.
solubility; locations
59. What are the two methods of paper chromatography?
- Ascending method
- the solvent travels up the chromatogram.
- the solvent travels up the chromatogram.
- Descending method
- The solvent travels down the chromatogram.
- The solvent travels down the chromatogram.
Advantage: The separation between the spots on the chromatogram will be greater.
Disadvantage: Separation may not be complete as the solvent will travel a longer distance due to the gravitational pull.
61. Describe how coloured spots will be left on different parts of a chromatogram in a paper
chromatography experiment.
- As the solvent travels across the chromatogram, it dissolves the dyes.
- A dye that is strongly absorbed onto the paper and not very soluble in the solvent will be left behind.
- A dye that is weakly absorbed by the paper and is very soluble in the solvent will be carried furthest away from the starting line.
The chromatogram is sprayed with a locating agent to show where the substances are on the paper.
63. What is a locating agent?
A locating agent is a substance that reacts with colourless substances on a chromatogram to produce coloured products.
64. Explain how the dyes left on a chromatogram can be identified.
By comparing the dye’s position in the chromatogram with that of a known dye.
65. State the purpose of the Rf value.
Used for the identification of substances on a chromatogram.
66. Write down the formula for determining Rf value.
Rf value = Distance moved by substance / Distance moved by solvent
67. Explain how the Rf value can be used to identify a dye.
- The Rf value is first calculated using the formula: Rf value = Distance moved by substance / Distance moved by solvent
- The calculated Rf value is then compared to known values of Rf values.